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oracle_9i_quickref [2013/07/24 16:05]
121.140.71.41 새로 만듦
oracle_9i_quickref [2017/08/21 15:18]
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-==== Oracle Server Architecture ==== 
  
- 
----- 
- 
-==== Instance ==== 
- 
-=== Background Processes (v$bgprocess) === 
-ARC<​n>,​ CJQ0, J<​nnn>,​ CKPT, DBW<​n>,​ DIAG, DMON, EMN0, LCK<​n>​*,​ LGWR, LMD0*, LMON*, LMS<​n>​*,​ LNSV, LSP0, MRP0, NSV0, PMON, QMN<​n>,​ RECO, RLAP, RSM0, SMON, RFS<​n>​BSP<​n>​*,​ SNP<​n>​ << obsolete 
-* RAC processes 
-Failure of LGWR (Err 470), CKPT (470), DBW<​n>​ (471), ARC<​n>​ (473), SMON (474) or RECO (476) lead to termination of instance by PMON. Failure of PMON leads to termination of instance by DBW<​n>​ (Err 472). 
-Failed SNP<​n>​ processes are restarted by PMON. 
----- 
-=== ForeGround Processes === 
-D<​nnn>,​ S<​nnn>,​ P<​nnn>​ 
----- 
-=== Views & Tables === 
-v$fixed_table,​ v$fixed_view_definition,​ v$indexed_fixed_column,​ v$instance, v$sga, v$sgastat, v$pgastat, v$session, v$process, v$bgprocess,​ v$version, product_component_version,​ v$license, v$option, v$access, v$timer, v$parameter,​ v$parameter2,​ v$spparameter,​ v$system_parameter,​ v$system_parameter2,​ v$obsolete_parameter,​ v$sql, v$sqlarea, v$sqltext, v$sqltext_with_newlines,​ v$sql_cursor,​ v$sql_bind_data,​ v$sql_bind_metadata,​ v$sql_shared_memory,​ v$sql_plan, v$sql_workarea,​ v$sql_workarea_active,​ v$librarycache,​ v$rowcache, v$rowcache_parent,​ v$rowcache_subordinate,​ v$open_cursor,​ v$object_dependency,​ v$db_object_cache,​ v$shared_pool_reserved,​ v$bh, x$bh, v$cache, v$subcache, v$buffer_pool,​ v$buffer_pool_statistics,​ v$db_cache_advice,​ v$statistics_level,​ v$filestat, v$tempstat, v$sysstat, v$sesstat, v$mystat, v$statname, v$waitstat, v$latch, v$latchname,​ v$latchholder,​ v$latch_parent,​ v$latch_children,​ v$event_name,​ v$system_event,​ v$session_event,​ v$session_wait,​ v$sess_io, v$segment_statistics,​ v$segstat, v$segstat_name,​ v$circuit, v$queue, v$shared_server,​ v$shared_server_monitor,​ v$dispatcher,​ v$dispatcher_rate,​ v$reqdist, v$queue, v$lock, v$enqueue_lock,​ v$enqueue_stat,​ v$locked_object,​ v$global_blocked_locks,​ dba_locks, dba_lock, dba_lock_internal,​ v$session_connect_info,​ v$session_longops,​ v$system_cursor_cache,​ v$session_cursor_cache,​ v$session_object_cache,​ v$bsp, v$px_session,​ v$px_sesstat,​ v$px_process,​ v$px_process_sysstat,​ v$pq_sesstat,​ v$pq_slave, v$pq_sysstat,​ v$pq_tqstat,​ v$execution,​ v$mls_parameters,​ deptree, session_context 
----- 
-=== Parameters (init<​sid>​.ora) === 
-spfile, ifile, instance_name,​ service_names,​ db_block_size,​ sga_max_size,​ db_cache_size,​ db_keep_cache_size,​ db_recycle_cache_size,​ db_<​n>​k_cache_size,​ db_cache_advice,​ shared_pool_size,​ log_buffer, large_pool_size,​ java_pool_size,​ shared_pool_reserved_size,​ pre_page_sga,​ sessions, processes, user_dump_dest,​ background_dump_dest,​ max_dump_file_size,​ local_listener,​ remote_listener,​ mts_service,​ circuits, dispatchers,​ max_dispatchers,​ shared_servers,​ max_shared_servers,​ shared_server_sessions,​ dbwr_io_slaves,​ remote_os_authent,​ os_authent_prefix,​ dml_locks, enqueue_resources,​ parallel_automatic_tuning,​ parallel_min_servers,​ parallel_max_servers,​ parallel_min_percent,​ parallel_adaptive_multi_user,​ parallel_threads_per_cpu,​ parallel_execution_message_size,​ parallel_broadcast_enabled,​ oracle_trace_enable,​ oracle_trace_collection_{name | path | size}, oracle_trace_facility_{name | path}, java_soft_sessionspace_limit,​ java_max_sessionspace_size,​ lock_sga, shared_memory_address,​ hi_shared_memory_address,​ object_cache_optimal_size,​ object_cache_max_size_percent,​ serial_reuse,​ session_max_open_files,​ timed_os_statistics,​ cursor_sharing,​ drs_start 
----- 
-=== Packages === 
-DBMS_SYSTEM : set_sql_trace_in_session\\ 
-DBMS_SUPPORT : mysid, {start | stop}_trace,​ {start | stop}_trace_in_session\\ 
-DBMS_SESSION : set_sql_trace,​ {set | clear}_identifier,​ {set | list | clear}_context,​ set_role, set_nls, is_role_enabled,​ is_session_alive,​ unique_session_id,​ close_database_link,​ reset_package,​ modify_package_state,​ switch_current_consumer_group,​ free_unused_user_memory,​ set_close_cached_open_cursors 
-DBMS_SHARED_POOL : keep, unkeep, sizes\\ 
-DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO : set_module, set_action, set_client_info,​ read_module,​ read_client_info\\ 
----- 
-=== Files === 
-dbmspool.sql,​ dbmssupp.sql,​ catparr.sql,​ utldtree.sql 
----- 
-=== Tuning/​Contention === 
-Statistics classes :1 User, 2 Redo, 4 Enqueue, 8 Cache, 16 OS, 32 RAC, 64 SQL, 128 Debug\\ 
-Buffer cache : «Cache Hit Ratio» (v$sysstat) or per pool (v$buffer_pool_statistics)1 – («physical reads» / («db block gets» + «consistent gets»)) < 90–95% -> increase «db_block_buffers» or «buffer_pool_keep»,​ «buffer_pool_recycle»\\ 
-Shared pool : «Shar. Cursors» (v$librarycache) gethitratio for SQL AREA < 99%\\ 
-Library cache : sum(reloads) / sum(pins) > 1% (v$librarycache)\\ 
-Dict. cache : sum(getmisses) / sum(gets) > 15% (v$rowcache) -> increase «shared_pool_size»\\ 
-LRU latch : «cache buffers lru chain» (v$latch) misses / gets > 1% -> increase «db_block_lru_latches» (max. CPU * 2 or BUFFERS / 50)\\ 
-Redo buffer : «redo%retries» (v$sysstat)\\ 
-PGA : «%ga memory%» (v$sysstat),​ «sorts%» (v$sysstat),​ sorts (v$sqlarea),​ «workarea%» (v$sysstat, v$sesstat), v$pgastat, v$sql_workarea,​ v$sql_workarea_active,​ pga_%_mem (v$process)\\ 
----- 
-=== Deprecated Features === 
-v$mts :  
-db_block_buffers,​ buffer_pool_keep,​ buffer_pool_recycle,​ mts_circuits,​ mts_dispatchers,​ mts_max_dispatchers,​ mts_servers,​ mts_sessions 
-utlbstat.sql,​ utlestat.sql 
----- 
-=== Desupported Features === 
-v$recent_bucket,​ v$current_bucket,​ db_block_lru_latches,​ use_indirect_data_buffers,​ db_block_lru_extended_statistics,​ db_block_lru_statistics,​ lock_sga_areas,​ shared_pool_reserved_min_alloc,​ parallel_server_idle_time,​ parallel_transaction_resource_timeout,​ parallel_min_message_pool,​ mts_rate_log_size,​ mts_rate_scale,​ mts_max_serversInstance 
----- 
-=== Parameters === 
-show parameter[s] <​string>​ 
-alter system set <​param>​ [=] <​value>​[comment ‘<​text>​’] [deferred] [scope = {memory | spfile | both} ][sid = { ‘<​sid>​’ | ‘*’ } ]; 
-alter system reset <​param>​[scope = {memory | spfile | both} ][sid = { ‘<​sid>​’ | ‘*’ } ]; 
----- 
-=== Static Initialization Parameters === 
-<​nowiki>​active_instance_count = <n>, audit_file_dest = <​dir>,​ audit_trail = {none | false | db | true | os}, background_core_dump = {full | partial}, bitmap_merge_area_size = <1m>, blank_trimming = {true | false}, buffer_pool_{keep | recycle} = {<n> | (buffers: <n>, lru_latches:​ <n>} << deprecated, circuits = <n>, cluster_database = {true | false}, cluster_database_instances = <n>, cluster_interconnects = <​ip>​[:<​ip>​…],​ commit_point_strength = <n>, compatible = <​x.x.x>,​ control_files = (“<​file>​” [, …]), cpu_count = <n>, create_bitmap_area_size = <8m>, cursor_space_for_time = {true | false}, db_block_buffers = <n> << deprecated, db_block_size = <​2048>,​ db_domain = <​str>,​ {db | log}_file_name_convert = (‘prim’,​ ‘stdby’ [, …]), db_files = <​200>,​ db_name = <​str>,​ db_writer_processes = <1>, dblink_encrypt_login = {true | false}, dbwr_io_slaves = <0>, disk_asynch_io = {true | false}, distributed_transactions = <n>, gc_files_to_locks = ‘<​f#>​[-<​f#>​]=<​n>​[!<​B>​][r][each][:​ …]’ << disables Cache Fusion, hi_shared_memory_address = <0>, ifile = <​file>,​ instance_groups = <gr> [, …], instance_name = <​sid>,​ instance_number = <n>, java_max_sessionspace_size = <0>, java_pool_size = <​20k>,​ java_soft_sessionspace_limit = <0>, large_pool_size = <n>, local_listener = <​serv>,​ lock_name_space = <​name>,​ lock_sga = {true | false}, log_archive_format = <​fmt>,​ log_archive_start = {true | false}, log_buffer = <n>, logmnr_max_persistent_sessions = <1>, max_commit_propagation_delay = <​700>,​ max_dispatchers = <5>, max_enabled_roles = <20>, max_shared_servers = <n>, o7_dictionary_accessibility = {true | false}, open_cursors = <50>, open_links = <4>, open_links_per_instance = <4>, optimizer_features_enable = <​9.0.0>,​ oracle_trace_collection_name = <​name>,​ oracle_trace_collection_path = <​dir>,​ oracle_trace_collection_size = <n>, oracle_trace_facility_name = {oracled, oraclee, oraclesm, oraclec}, oracle_trace_facility_path = <​dir>,​ os_authent_prefix = <​OPS$>,​ os_roles = {true, false}, parallel_automatic_tuning = {true | false}, parallel_execution_message_size = <n>, parallel_max_servers = <n>, parallel_min_servers = <0>, pre_page_sga = {true | false}, processes = <n>, rdbms_server_dn = <​x.500>,​ read_only_open_delayed = {true | false}, recovery_parallelism = <n>, remote_archive_enable = {true | false}, remote_listener = <​serv>,​ remote_login_passwordfile = {none | shared | exclusive}, remote_os_authent = {true | false}, remote_os_roles = {true | false}, replication_dependency_tracking = {true | false}, rollback_segments = (<​rbs>​ [, …]), row_locking = {always | default | intent}, serial_reuse = {disable | select | sml | plsql | all}, session_max_open_files = <10>, sessions = <​(1.1*proc)+5>,​ sga_max_size = <n>, shadow_core_dump = {partial | full}, shared_memory_address = <0>, shared_pool_reserved_size = <​5%SP>,​ shared_server_sessions = <n>, spfile = <​file>,​ sql92_security = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true | false}, tape_asynch_io = {true | false}, thread = <n>, transactions_per_rollback_segment = <5>, undo_management = {manual | auto}, util_file_dir = <​dir></​nowiki>​ 
----- 
-=== Dynamic Initialization Parameters === 
-aq_tm_processes = <n>, archive_lag_target = <n>, background_dump_dest = ‘<​dir>​’,​ backup_tape_io_slaves = {true | false}, control_file_record_keep_time = <7>, core_dump_dest = ‘<​dir>​’,​ db_{2|4|8|16|32}k_cache_size = <0>, db_block_checking = {true | false}, db_block_checksum = {true | false}, db_cache_advice = {on | ready | off}, db_cache_size = <​48m>,​ db_{keep | recycle}_cache_size = <0m>, dispatchers = ‘{ (protocol = <​prot>​) | (description = (address =…) ) | (address = (protocol = <​prot>​) (host = <​node>​) (port = <​port>​) )} (connections = <n>) (dispatchers = <1>) (index = <n>) (listener = <​list>​) ( {pool | multiplex} = {1 | on | yes | true | both | ({in | out} = <n>) | 0 | off | no | false | <n>}) (ticks = <15>) (service = <​serv>​) (presentation = {ttc | oracle.aurora.server.{SGiopServer | GiopServer} })’, drs_start = {true | false}, fal_client = <​serv>,​ fal_server = <​serv>,​ fast_start_io_target = <n> << deprecated, fast_start_mttr_target = <0>, fast_start_parallel_rollback = {hi | lo | false}, fixed_date = <​date>,​ global_context_pool_size = <1m>, hs_autoregister = {true | false}, job_queue_processes = <0>, license_max_sessions = <0>, license_max_users = <0>, license_sessions_warning = <0>, log_archive_dest = <​dir>,​ log_archive_duplex_dest = <​dir>,​ log_archive_max_processes = <1>, log_archive_trace = <0>, log_checkpoint_interval = <bl>, log_checkpoint_timeout = <​sec>,​ log_checkpoints_to_alert = {true | false}, parallel_adaptive_multi_user = {true | false}, parallel_threads_per_cpu = <n>, pga_aggregate_target = <0>, plsql_native_c_compiler = <​path>,​ plsql_native_library_dir = <​dir>,​ plsql_native_library_subdir_count = <0>, plsql_native_linker = <​path>,​ plsql_native_make_file_name = <​path>,​ plsql_native_make_utility = <​path>,​ resource_limit = {true | false}, resource_manager_plan = <​plan>,​ service_names = <​serv>​ [, …], shared_pool_size = <​16/​64m>,​ shared_servers = <​0/​1>,​ standby_archive_dest = <​path>,​ standby_file_management = {manual | auto}, trace_enabled = {true | false}, transaction_auditing = {true | false}, undo_retention = <​900>,​ undo_tablespace = <ts>, user_dump_dest = <dir> 
----- 
-=== Session Scope Dynamic Init. Parameters === 
-<​nowiki>​alter session set <​param>​ [=] <​value>;​ 
-cursor_sharing = {similar | exact | force}, db_block_checking,​ db_create_file_dest = ‘<​dir>​’,​ db_create_online_log_dest_<​1-5>​ = ‘<​dir>​’,​ db_file_multiblock_read_count = <8>, global_names = {true | false}, hash_area_size = <n>, hash_join_enabled = {true | false}, log_archive_dest_<​1-10>​ = {location = <​path>​ | service = <​serv>​} [optional | mandatory] [[no]reopen [=<​300>​]] [arch | lgwr] [synch | async = <n>] [[no]affirm] [[no]delay [= <​30>​]] [[no]dependency] [[no]alternate [= <​dest>​]] [[no]max_failure [= <n>] [[no]quota_size [= <n>] [[no]quota_used] [[no]register [= <​loc>​]],​ log_archive_dest_state_<​1-10>​ = {enable | defer | alternate}, log_archive_min_succeed_dest = <1>, max_dump_file_size = {<n> | unlimited}, nls_calendar = ‘<​cal>​’,​ nls_comp = {binary | ansi}, nls_currency = <​curr>,​ nls_date_format = ‘<​fmt>​’,​ nls_date_language = <​lang>,​ nls_dual_currency = <​curr>,​ nls_iso_currency = <​terr>,​ nls_language = <​lang>,​ nls_length_semantics = {byte | char}, nls_nchar_conv_excp = {true | false}, nls_numeric_characters = <​sep>,​ nls_sort = {binary | <​ling>​},​ nls_territory = <​terr>,​ nls_time_format = ‘<​fmt>​’,​ nls_timestamp_format = ‘<​fmt>​’,​ nls_timestamp_tz_format = ‘<​fmt>​’,​ nls_time_tz_format = ‘<​fmt>​’,​ object_cache_max_size_percent = <10>, object_cache_optimal_size = <n>, optimizer_index_caching = <0>, optimizer_index_cost_adj = <​100>,​ optimizer_max_permutations = <​80000>,​ optimizer_mode = {first_rows_{1|10|100|1000} | first_rows | all_rows | choose | rule}, oracle_trace_enable = {true | false}, parallel_broadcast_enabled = {true | false}, parallel_instance_group = <gr>, parallel_min_percent = <0>, partition_view_enabled = {true | false}, plsql_compiler_flags = {[debug | non_debug], [interpreted | normal]}, plsql_v2_compatibility = {true | false}, query_rewrite_enabled = {true | false}, query_rewrite_integrity = {stale_tolerated | trusted | enforced}, remote_dependencies_mode = {timestamp | signature}, session_cached_cursors = <0>, sort_area_retained_size = <n>, sort_area_size = <​65536>,​ star_transformation_enabled = {temp_disable | true | false}, statistics_level = {typical | basic | all}, timed_os_statistics = <0>, timed_statistics = {true | false}, tracefile_identifier = ‘<​id>​’,​ undo_suppress_errors = {true | false}, workarea_size_policy = {auto | manual}</​nowiki>​ 
----- 
-=== Session Parameters Only === 
-constraint[s] = {immediate | deferred | default}, create_stored_outlines = {true | false | ‘<​cat>​’} [nooverride],​ current_schema = <​schema>,​ error_on_overlap_time = {true | false}, flagger = {entry | immediate | full | off}, instance = <n>, isolation_level = {serializable | read committed}, plsql_debug = {true | false}, skip_unusable_indexes = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true | false}, time_zone = {‘<​{+|-}hh:​mi>​’ | local | dbtimezone | ‘<​tz_region>​’},​ use_{private | stored}_outlines = {true | false | ‘<​cat>​’} 
----- 
-=== Hidden Initialization Parameters === 
-_system_trig_enabled,​ _log_simultaneous_copies,​ _log_io_size 
----- 
-=== Deprecated Initialization Parameters === 
-mts_dispatchers,​ mts_servers%_area%_size <<for dedicated server cofigurations 
----- 
-=== Obsolete Initialization Parameters === 
-job_queue_interval,​ db_block_max_dirty_target,​ hash_multiblock_io_count = <n> 
----- 
-=== Events === 
-{ alter system set event = | alter session set events [=] } ‘<​dbg_evt>​ trace name context {forever, level <n> | off}’ 
-alter session set events [=] { ‘immediate trace name { heapdump | blockdump | treedump | controlf | systemstate | buffers } level <​n>​’ | ‘<​oerr>​ trace name errorstack level <n> [; name processstate level <​n>​]’ } 
-Debug events10015 (rollback), 10046 (process), 10049, 10051, 10053, 10210, 10211, 10212, 10231, 10232, 10235, 10248 (dispatcher),​ 10249 (shared server + dispatcher),​ 10257 (pmon), 10262, 10289 (hex dump), 10297 (oid caching), 10325 (control), 10408 (block keywords), 10520 (avoid invalidations),​ 10619 (compatibility),​ 19027 (ctxxpath), 29700 (v$ges_convert% views), 30441 
-oradebug { help [cmd]| setmypid| setospid <​ospid>​| setorapid <​orapid>​ [‘force’]| dump <​dump>​ <lev> [addr]| dumpsga [bytes]| dumplist| event <​evt>​| session_event <​evt>​| dumpvar {p | s | uga} <var> [lev]| setvar {p | s | uga} <var> <​val>​| peek <​addr>​ <len> [lev]| poke <​addr>​ <len> <​val>​| wakeup <​orapid>​| suspend| resume| flush| close_trace| tracefile_name| lkdebug| nsdbx| -G {<​inst>​ | def | all}| -R {<​inst>​ | def | all}| setinst {“<​inst>​ [, …]” | all}| sgatofile <​”path”>​| dmpcowsga <​”path”>​| mapcowsga <​”path”>​| hanganalyze [level]| ffbegin| ffderegister| ffterminst| ffresumeinst| ffstatus| core| ipc| unlimit| procstat| call <​func>​ [<​arg>​ , …] } 
----- 
-=== Instance Startup/​Shutdown === 
-startup : [force] [restrict] [pfile=<​par>​] [ nomount | [exclusive | parallel [retry] | shared [retry]]{ mount [<​db>​] | open [read {only | write [recover]} | recover] [<​db>​] } ]\\ 
-shutdown : [ normal | transactional [local] | immediate | abort ]\\ 
-alter database : [<​db>​]{ mount [ {standby | clone} database] [exclusive | parallel] << obsolete| dismount| open [read only | [read write] [resetlogs | noresetlogs] ]| close [normal | immediate] };\\ 
----- 
-=== Instance Modification === 
-alter system {enable | disable} restricted session;\\ 
-alter system {quiesce restricted | unquiesce};​\\ 
-alter system {suspend | resume};\\ 
-alter system kill session ‘<​SID>,<​Serial#>​’ [immediate];​\\ 
-alter system disconnect session ‘<​SID>,<​Serial#>​’[post_transaction | immediate];​\\ 
-alter system shutdown [immediate] ‘D<​nnn>​’;​\\ 
-alter system register;\\ 
-alter system flush shared_pool;​\\ 
----- 
-=== Utilities === 
-orapwd : file=<​file>​ password=<​pwd>​ entries=<​n>​ \\ 
-oradim : –{new | edit | delete | startup | shutdown}–{sid <SID> | srvc <​serv>​} –newsid <​SID>​–usrpwd <pwd> –intpwd <pwd> –maxusers <n> –startmode {a | m} –shutmode {a | i | n} –{starttype | shuttype} {srvc | inst | srvc, inst}–pfile <par> –timeout <n> 
-tkprof : <trc> <out> [explain=<​user>/<​pwd>​@<​netserv>​] [table=<​tab>​] [print=<​n>​] [sys=no] [insert=<​file>​] [record=<​file>​] [aggregate=<​n>​] [sort=<​opt>​] 
-otrcfmt 
-oemctl : { {start | stop | status | ping} oms [<​user>/<​pwd>​] | {start | stop} paging [<​host>​ <​name>​] | {enable | disable | dump | export | import} eventhandler [<​file>​]| {import | export} registry [<​file>​] <​user>/<​pwd>​@<​repalias>​ | configure rws } 
-oemapp {console | dataguard}\\ 
-vppcntl –start\\ 
-vtm\\ 
----- 
-=== Database Locks (v$lock) === 
-modes : 0 - none, 1 - null (NULL), 2 - row share (SS), 3 - row exclusive (SX), 4 - share (S), 5 - share row exclusive (SSX), 6 - exclusive (X)\\ 
-user types and names : TM dml enqueue, TX transaction enqueue, UL user-defined lock\\ 
-system types and names : \\ 
-BL buffer hash table, CF control file transaction,​ CI cross-instance call invocation, CU cursor bind, DF data file, DL direct loader parallel index creation, DM database mount, DR distributed recovery, DX distributed transaction,​ FS file set, HW space management operation, IN instance number, IR instance recovery, IS instance state, IV library cache invalidation,​ JQ job queue, KK redo thread kick, L[A-P] library cache lock, MM mount definition, MR media recovery, N[A-Z] library cache pin, PF password file, PI/PS parallel operation, PR process startup, Q[A-Z] row cache, RT redo thread, SC system commit number, SM smon, SN sequence number, SQ sequence number enqueue, SS sort segment, ST space transaction,​ SV sequence number value, TA generic enqueue, TS temporary segment (ID2=0) or new block allocation (ID2=1), TT temporary table, UN user name, US undo segment ddl, WL being-written redo log, XA instance registration attribute lock, XI instance registration lock\\ 
- 
-(((((((((((((((((((())))))))))))))))))))))) 
----- 
- 
- 
-==== Database ==== 
- 
-=== Views & Tables === 
-v$database, v$controlfile,​ v$controlfile_record_section,​ v$deleted_object,​ v$compatibility,​ v$compatseg,​ v$timezone_names,​ dictionary, dict_columns,​ dba_catalog,​ dba_objects,​ dba_object_size,​ dba_keepsizes,​ dba_analyze_objects,​ props$, database_properties,​ database_compatible_level 
----- 
-=== Parameters === 
-db_create_file_dest,​ db_create_online_log_dest_<​n>,​ undo_tablespace,​ cluster_database,​ control_files,​ db_name, db_domain, db_files, compatible, read_only_open_delayed 
----- 
-=== Files === 
-catalog.sql,​ catproc.sql,​ utlrp.sql, utlip.sql, utlirp.sql, utlconst.sql,​ utlincmpt.sql,​ utldst.sql, timezone.dat,​ timezlrg.dat,​ catlg803.sql,​ u0703040.sql,​ r0703040.sql,​ u080<​n>​0<​n>​0.sql,​ r08000<​n>​0.sql,​ d080<​n>​0<​n>​.sql 
----- 
-=== Tuning/​Contention === 
-phyrds, phywrts (v$filestat) 
----- 
-=== DB Creation === 
-create database [<​db>​] [datafile ‘<​file>​’ [, …] size <n> [reuse][autoextend {on | off} [next <​1xBS>​ maxsize {<n> | unlimited}] ]][logfile [group <n>] (‘<​log>​’ [, …] ) size <n> [reuse] [, [group <n>] (‘<​log>​’ [, …] ) size <n> [reuse] ] … ][default temporary tablespace <ts> [tempfile ‘<​file>​’] [extent management local] [uniform [size <1> [k | m]] ]][undo tablespace <​SYS_UNDOTBS>​ [datafile ‘<​file>​’ [autoextend…] [, …] ]][controlfile reuse] [maxdatafiles <n>] [maxinstances <n>] [maxlogfiles <n>] [maxlogmembers <n>] [maxloghistory <n>] [character set {<​charset>​ | <​UTF8>​ | <​UTFE>​ | <​AL32UTF8>​} ] [national character set {<​UTF8>​ | <​AL16UTF16>​} ] [set time_zone = { ‘<​{+|-}hh:​mi>​’ | ‘<​time_zone_region>​’ } ][set standby database {protected | unprotected} ] [archivelog | noarchivelog] [exclusive];​ 
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-=== DB Modification === 
-alter database [<​db>​] rename global_name to <​db>;​\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] default temporary tablespace <​ts>;​\\ 
-alter system set undo_tablespace = <​new_ts>;​\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] convert;\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] reset compatibility;​\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] [national] character set <​new_char>;​\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] set {dblow = <str> | dbhigh = <str> | dbmac {on | off} };\\ 
-create controlfile [‘<​ctrl>​‘] [reuse] set database <db> [datafile…] [logfile…] … [[no]resetlogs];​\\ 
-create spfile [= ‘<​spfile>​’] from pfile [= ‘<​pfile>​’];​\\ 
-create pfile [= ‘<​pfile>​’] from spfile [= ‘<​spfile>​’];​\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] backup controlfile to { ‘<​file>​’ [reuse] | trace [resetlogs | noresetlogs] };\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] create standby controlfile as ‘<​file>​’ [reuse];\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] set standby database {protected | unprotected};​\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] commit to switchover to [physical] {primary | standby} [wait | nowait];\\ 
-alter database [<​db>​] activate [physical] standby database [skip [standby logfile]];​\\ 
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-=== Data Guard CLI === 
-dgmgrl [-silent] [-xml] [-debug] [-echo]\\ 
-connect <​user>/<​pwd>​@<​service>​\\ 
-startup [restrict] [force] [pfile=<​file>​] [nomount | mount [<​db>​] | open [read {only | write} ] ]\\ 
-shutdown {normal | immediate | abort}\\ 
-show { configuration [verbose] [‘<​prop>​’] | site [verbose] ‘<​site>​’ [‘<​prop>​’] | resource [verbose] ‘<​res>​’ [‘<​prop>​’] [on site ‘<​site>​’] | dependency tree | log [alert] [latest] on site ‘<​site>​’ };\\ 
-enable { configuration | site ‘<​site>​’ | resource ‘<​res>​’ [on site ‘<​site>​’] };\\ 
-disable { configuration | site ‘<​site>​’ | resource ‘<​res>​’ [on site ‘<​site>​’] };\\ 
-alter { configuration set state = ‘[online | offline]’ | site ‘<​site>​’ set { state = ‘[online | offline]’| auto pfile = ‘<​pfile>​’ [off] }| resource ‘<​res>​’ [on site ‘<​site>​’] set { state = ‘<​state>​’ | property ‘<​prop>​’ = ‘<​val>​’ };\\ 
-create { configuration ‘<​conf>​’ as primary site is ‘<​prim>​’ | site ‘<​site>​’ }resource is ‘<​res>​’ hostname is ‘<​host>​’ instance name is ‘<​inst>​’ \\service name is ‘<​serv>​’ site is maintained as physical; 
-remove { configuration ‘<​conf>​’ | site ‘<​site>​’ };\\ 
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-=== Other Utilities === 
-dbassist\\ 
-dbca\\ 
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-==== Database Utilities ==== 
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